Introduction in Theoretical Basis of Atmospheric Optics
Bachelor's program
Special course: 3-th course, 5-6 semesters
Volume: 108 hours
PROGRAM CONTENT
Introduction
History of development of meteorology and atmospheric physics. Explanation of atmospheric phenomena in ancient history. Recent problems of atmospheric physics. Connection of the physics with other sciences about Earth.
Chapter1. Common characteristic of the Earth
1.1. The Earth is a planet of solar system. Recent view of solar systems. Principal characteristics of planets of solar system.
1.2. Principal parameters of planet atmospheres of solar system. Recent notions about the thermal regime, the gaseous content of clouds and the wind field in planet atmospheres.
1.3. Peculiarities of the Earth orbit. Variabilities of the Earth orbit parameters and characteristics of its motions. Experimental confirmations of variability of parameters of the Earth orbit. Possible impacts to the Earth climate.
1.4. The Sun and its radiation. The Sun structure and its radiation. Fraunhofer lines. Variability of Sun radiation. Astronomical and meteorological the Sun constants.
Sun spectral constant and its variability.
Part 2. Parameters of atmospheric physical content
2.1. Different principles of dividing the atmosphere on layers. Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere. Ionosphere and its peculiarities. Homosphere and heterosphere.
2.2. Spatial and temporal variability of atmospheric structural parameters. Altitude dependence of atmospheric temperature and its variability. Latitudinal and seasonal variations of atmospheric temperature regime.
2.3. Gaseous content of the atmosphere. Principal gaseous constituents of the atmosphere. Atmospheric gaseous admixtures, their classification. Role of gaseous admixtures in different atmospheric processes. Variability and temporal trends in contents of different gaseous admixtures. Natural and anthropogenic sources and flows of different gaseous admixtures. Influence of gaseous admixtures on the climate.
Relations between structural parameters - hydrostatics equation and the equation of state. Barometric formulas.
2.4. Atmospheric aerosol. Aerosol influence on atmospheric processes. Classification of atmospheric aerosols. Natural and anthropogenic sources and flows of atmospheric aerosol. Aerosol size distribution function - theoretical and empirical approximations. Volcanic eruptions are the sources of atmospheric aerosols and gaseous admixtures.
2.5. Clouds and precipitation. Classification of clouds and precipitation. Phase content of clouds and precipitation. Size distribution functions of cloud and precipitation participles. Precipitation intensity. Spatial and temporal variations of cloud and precipitation characteristics. Climatology of the Earth clouds and precipitation. Satellite methods for studying the clouds and precipitation.Part 3. Electromagnetic radiation in the atmosphere
3.1. Principal radiometric values. Intensity, flux, density of the radiation, inwards of electromagnetic radiation, rates of radiation variations of the atmospheric temperature .
3.2. Scale of electromagnetic waves. Different spectral ranges of electromagnetic radiation, their peculiarities.
3.3. Principal mechanisms of the interaction of radiation with a medium - the attenuation, the scatter, the absorption of a radiation. Boggier law. Forbs' effect at the attenuation of nonmonochromatic radiation.
3.4. Radiation transfer equation. Differential and integral forms of the transfer equation. The transfer equation for thermal radiation under local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). Breakdown of LTE in planet atmospheres.
3.5. Equations of theory of multiple scattering of the radiation. Approximate methods of radiation transfer theory. The approximation of single-scattering.
3.6. Electromagnetic nature of radiation. Polarization of radiation. Stokes parameters. Vector form of the transfer equation.Part 4. Molecular absorption in the atmosphere
4.1. Absorption by atmospheric atoms and molecules. Two types of spectral dependencies of molecular absorption - selective and continuum ones. Physical nature of two types of the absorption. Electronic, oscillating and rotational spectra of the molecule absorption.
Parameters describing the selective molecular absorption - positions, intensities, half-widths of spectral lines.
Shape of absorption spectral lines. Physical causes of broadening the spectral lines in planet atmospheres - the natural, the collision, the Doppler broadenings. Influence of different broadening types on radiation in different spectral ranges and at different altitudes in the atmosphere.
Contour of spectral lines under joint influence of collision and Doppler effects (Foigt contour).
4.2. Transmittance functions of atmospheric gases. Monochromatic transmittance function and transmittance functions for finite spectral intervals. Methods of deriving the transmittance functions: experimental, theoretical and calculation ones. Advantages and drawbacks of different methods of deriving the transmittance functions.
Models of absorption bands. Absorption in isolated spectral line. Random and regular models of absorption bands. Asymptotic expressions for different models of absorption bands. Direct method of calculating the transmittance functions - its advantages and drawbacks.
The method of deriving the transmittance functions based on the integration of absorption coefficient.
4.3. Approximate methods in the theory of the IR radiation transfer. Calculations of transmittance functions for inhomogeneous medium : the method of effective mass and Kurtis-Godson method. Three-parametric method. Accuracy of approximate methods for accounting the atmospheric inhomogeneity, the applicability of those for solving the direct and inverse problems of atmospheric optics.
4.4. Common characteristic of molecular absorption spectrum of the Earth atmosphere. Absorption coefficients for atmospheric constituents in UV and visible spectral ranges. Principal absorption bands of water vapor, CO2 and O3 in IR spectral range. Molecular absorption in the microwave spectral range. Molecular absorption in atmospheric transparency windows.Ðart 5. Scattering in the atmosphere
5.1. Molecular scattering. Elementary theory of molecular scattering. Indicatrix of molecular scattering. Coefficient of molecular scattering and its dependence on atmospheric density and wavelength. Polarization effects in the molecular scattering. Resonance molecular scattering.
5.2. Aerosol scattering. Scattering parameter. Physical picture of the scattering on large particles. Mie theory. Factors of effectiveness of the attenuation, the scattering and the absorption by monodispersion aerosols. Scattering indicatrix of aerosol particles. Optical characteristics of polydispersion aerosol.
Scattering by particles of arbitrary forms.
5.3. Radiation scattering with the redistribution in frequency. Different types of inelastic scattering - the Raman scattering, the fluorescence. Duration of different processes of inelastic scattering. Processes of extinction of excited states. The role of inelastic scattering in atmospheric optics and remote sensing.
5.4. Atmospheric refraction. Variability of refraction coefficient in the Earth atmosphere. Astronomical refraction. Regular refraction. Refractive attenuation during star observations from space.
Variations of air refractive index due to temperature fluctuations. Random refraction. Star scintillations in observations from Earth and space.
5.5. Optical phenomena in the atmosphere. Light scattering in cloudless atmosphere. Polarization of daylight sky.Part 6. Optical characteristics of underlying surfaces
6.1. Main types of the reflection by underlying surfaces - mirror, quasimirror, diffuse, lambert ones. Quantitative characteristics describing the reflection from underlying surfaces - surface albedo, brightness coefficient, two-directional reflection coefficient. Mirror reflection - Fresnel formulas. Reflection from irregular surface.
6.2. Spectral dependence of reflection coefficients of different surfaces. Albedo of underlying surfaces and clouds.
6.3. Interaction of radiation with the system "atmosphere-ocean". Transfer of radiation at boundaries of semitransparent mediums.
Part 7. Atmospheric glows
7.1. Principal laws of the photochemistry. Elemental chemical kinetics. Thermodynamic approach. Collision theory of bimolecular reactions. Monomolecular reactions. Thermomolecular reactions. Processes of the exiting and the quenching of atom and molecular states, the ionization and the dissociation. Exited components in the atmosphere. Elemental theory of the ionosphere. Distribution of electronic concentration in atmosphere of the Earth and other planets. Classification of ionosphere layers.
7.2. Simplest theory of the ozonosphere. Processes of the ozone evaporation and destruction. Principal photochemical reactions with taking the atmospheric trace gases into account. Intensities of photochemical sources and flows of atmospheric trace gases. Atmospheric cycles of atmospheric trace gases.
7.3. Glows of night and daylight sky. Classification of glows. Physical causes of glows of different types. Aurora polarises and their morphology - geographical distribution and periodical variations. Spectral composition of glows of different types.Part 8. Basics of the radiation transfer theory
8.1. Transfer of thermal radiation. Integral equations for radiation transfer in IR and microwave spectral ranges. Laws of the blackbody radiation, Planck function. Stephan-Boltzmann law. Rayleigh-Jeans and Wien approximations. Formulation of radiation brightness temperature. Transmittance functions in the theory of thermal radiation transfer. Theory of IR radiation transfer for the case of the plane-parallel atmosphere.
8.2. Multiple scattering of the radiation. Formulation of the problem of scattering the solar radiation for the plane-parallel model of atmosphere. Approximations in the theory of solar radiation transfer. Analytical and numerical methods of solving the radiation transfer equation.
Transfer of radiation in three-dimensional mediums.
8.3. Radiation transfer for spherical atmospheric model - the transfer equation. Refraction for multiple radiation scattering.Part 9. Radiation energetic
9.1. Solar insolation at the upper bound of atmosphere. Latitude and season dependence of solar insolation. Diurnal run of solar insolation for different altitudes and seasons. Measurements of the solar constant - balloon and space experiments.
9.2. Absorption of solar radiation and radiation thermal influxes. Altitude distribution of solar radiation influxes. Variability of heat radiation influxes in the Earth atmosphere.
9.3. Radiation heat exchange in IR spectral range. Calculations of rates of atmospheric radiation temperature variations. Stephan-Boltzmann law for the flow of IR radiation and radiation nomograms. Impact of the carbon dioxide and trace gases on the formation of the Earth climate.
9.4. Radiation balance of underlying surface. Climatology of surface radiation balance. Influence of meteorological factors on the surface radiation balance. Radiation balance of the atmosphere and the Earth as a planet. Satellite studies of components of radiation balance.
9.5. Radiation factors of the Earth climate variations. Influence of variations of gaseous and aerosol atmospheric contents on radiation characteristics of the atmosphere. Greenhouse effect. Influence of volcanic eruptions on the Earth climate. Anthropogenic factors of climate changes. Variations of the albedo of underlying surface and clouds as regulators of the Earth climate.Part 10. Radiation as the source of an information on optical and physical parameters of planet atmospheres
10.1. Direct and inverse problems of radiation transfer theory and atmospheric optics. Principal values and characteristics in tasks of transferring the radiation and atmospheric optics.
Different types of inverse problems of atmospheric optics. Inverse problems of the first type - remote methods of sounding the atmosphere and underlying surface. Inverse problems of the second type - the retrieval of optical characteristics of atmosphere and underlying surface. Inverse problems of atmospheric optics with respect to boundary conditions. Role of a priori information in solving the inverse problem of atmospheric optics.
10.2. Radiation and radiation-physical inverse problems of atmospheric optics. Examples of radiation-physical inverse problems. Advantages and breakdowns in different approaches in remote sensing of atmosphere and underlying surface.
10.3. Classification of inverse problems of atmospheric optics. Different principles of the classification. Classification of remote methods of measuring the parameters of atmosphere and underlying surface - by spectral range, by principle processes of interaction of radiation with medium, by measurement geometry and etc. Space methods of remote sensing of atmosphere and underlying surface. Global system of the monitoring of environmental parameters.Advisable literature
1. Kondratyev K.Ya. Actinometry. L. Hydrometeoizdat. 1965. 692 pp.
2. Kondratyev K.Ya. Radiation Transfer in Atmosphere. L. Hydrometeoizdat. 1972. 402 pp.
3. Minin I.N. Theory of Radiation Transfer in Planet Atmospheres. M. Nauka. 1988. 264 pp.
4. Shifrin K.S. Light Scattering in Turbid Medium. M. Gostechizdat. 1951. 288 pp.
5. Deirmedjan D. Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation by Spherical Polydisperse Participles. M. Mir. 1971. 165 pp.
6. Mak-Kartni E. Optics of Atmosphere. M. Mir. 1979. 421 pp.
7. Goody R.M. Atmospheric Radiation. 1. Theoretical basis. M. Mir. 1966. 552 pp.
8. Ku-Nan Liou. Basics of Radiation Processes in Atmosphere. L. Hydrometeoizdat. 1984. 376 pp.
9. Kondratyev, K.Ya. and Yu.M. Timofeyev. Thermal Sounding of the Atmosphere from Satellites. L. Hydrometeoizdat. 1970. 410 pp.
10. Kondratyev, K.Ya. and Yu.M. Timofeyev. Meteorological Sounding of the Atmosphere from Space. L. Hydrometeoizdat.1978. 280 pp.
11. Karol, I.L, V.V. Rozanov, and Yu.M. Timofeyev. Gaseous Admixtures in the Atmosphere. L. Hydrometeoizdat. 1983. 192 pp.
12. Timofeyev Yu.M. Remote (indirect) Methods of Measuring the Atmospheric Parameters. Methodical directions for the course "Indirect methods of studying the planet atmosphere". L. 1988. 17 pp. .
13. Shifrin K.S. Introduction in Ocean Optics. L. Hydrometeoizdat. 1983. 278 pp.
14. Zuev V.E. Propagation of Visible and IR Waves in Atmosphere. M. Soviet Radio. 1970. 496 pp.
15. Fligl R., Buzinger D. Introduction in Atmospheric Physics. M. Mir. 1965. 297 pp.
16. Brasier G., Solomon S. Aeronomy of Middle Atmosphere. L. Hydrometeoizdat. 1987. 413 pp.
17. Malkevich M.S. Atmospheric Optical Investigation from Satellites. M. Nauka. 1973. 303 pp.
18. Penner C.C. Quantitative Molecular Spectroscopy and Emissivity of Gases. Ì. Foreign Lit. 1963. 494 pp.
19. Perov S.P., Kharjian A.Kh. State-of-art of Atmospheric Ozone. L. Hydrometeoizdat. 1989. 287 pp.
20. Kharjian A.Kh. Atmospheric Physics. L. Hydrometeoizdat. 1978. Vol.1. 246 pp.
21. Kharjian A.Kh. Atmospheric Physics. L. Hydrometeoizdat. 1978. Vol.2. 318 pp.
22. Moroz V.I. Physics of Planets. M. Nauka. 1977. 312 pp.
23. Zuev V. E., Krekov G.M. Optical Models of Atmosphere. L. Hydrometeoizdat. 1986. 256 pp.
24.Chemberlen D Ä. Physics of Aurora Polaris and Atmospheric Radiation. M. Foreign Lit. 1963. 777 pp.
25. Landsberg G.S. Optics. M. Thechn. Lit. 1957. 759 pp.